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He worked under my direction

  • 1 direction

    إِشْراف \ direction: to control: He worked under my direction. supervision: supervising: The repair was done under my supervision.

    Arabic-English glossary > direction

  • 2 direction

    إِدَارَة \ administration: to control (of business, money, government activities, etc.): The administration of the law. department: a division of sth. (shops, business, government, school, etc.):. direction: to control: He worked under my direction. management: to control: The failure of the party was caused by bad management in the kitchen, (often with pl. verb) all those who control a business: a meeting between the management and the workers’ leaders.

    Arabic-English glossary > direction

  • 3 under

    1. preposition
    1) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) debajo, bajo
    2) (less than, or lower in rank than: Children under five should not cross the street alone; You can do the job in under an hour.) menor de, (de) menos de
    3) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) a las órdenes (de)
    4) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) bajo

    2. adverb
    (in or to a lower position, rank etc: The swimmer surfaced and went under again; children aged seven and under.) abajo; por debajo
    under1 adv menos
    under2 prep
    1. bajo / debajo de
    2. menos de
    you can get one for under £5 se pueden conseguir por menos de cinco libras
    3. menor de
    4. bajo
    tr['ʌndəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (below) bajo, debajo de
    2 (less than) menos de
    3 (controlled, affected, influenced by) bajo
    4 (suffering, subject to) bajo
    ■ he's under arrest está detenido, está bajo arresto
    5 (according to) conforme a, según
    6 (known by) con, bajo
    1 (below) debajo
    2 (less) menos
    ■ we have a wide range of watches for £30 or under tenemos una amplia gama de relojes por treinta libras o menos
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be under age ser menor de edad
    to be under cover (protected) estar a cubierto 2 (in hiding) estar en la clandestinidad
    to be under lock and key estar bajo llave
    to be under repair estar en reparación, estar reparándose
    to be under the doctor estar en manos del médico
    to be under the impression that... tener la impresión de que...
    to go under estrellarse, irse a pique
    under the circumstances... dadas la circunstancias...
    under ['ʌndər] adv
    1) less: menos
    $10 or under: $10 o menos
    2) underwater: debajo del agua
    3) : bajo los efectos de la anestesia
    under adj
    1) lower: (más) bajo, inferior
    2) subordinate: inferior
    3) : insuficiente
    an under dose of medicine: una dosis insuficiente de medicina
    under prep
    1) below, beneath: debajo de, abajo de
    under the table: abajo de la mesa
    we walked under the arch: pasamos por debajo del arco
    under the sun: bajo el sol
    2) : menos de
    in under 20 minutes: en menos de 20 minutos
    under the command of: bajo las órdenes de
    4) subject to: bajo
    under suspicion: bajo sospecha
    under the circumstances: dadas las circunstancias
    5) according to: según, de acuerdo con, conforme a
    under the present laws: según las leyes actuales
    adj.
    • bajero, -a adj.
    • inferior adj.
    • interior adj.
    adv.
    • abajo adv.
    • bajo adv.
    • debajo adv.
    • debajo de adv.
    • más abajo adv.
    prep.
    • bajo prep.
    • debajo de prep.
    • inferior a prep.

    I 'ʌndər, 'ʌndə(r)
    1) ( beneath) debajo de, abajo de (AmL)
    2) ( less than) menos de
    3) \<\<name/heading\>\> bajo

    look under `textiles' — mira en or bajo `textiles'

    4)
    a) \<\<government/authority\>\> bajo

    to be under discussion — estarse* discutiendo

    he was under the impression that... — tenía la impresión de que...

    5) ( according to) según

    II
    1)

    she's still under — todavía está bajo los efectos de la anestesia; see also keep, knuckle, put under

    2) ( less) menos

    it will cost $10 or under — costará 10 dólares como mucho

    ['ʌndǝ(r)]
    1. ADV
    1) (=beneath) (position) debajo; (direction) abajo

    he stayed under for three minutes — (=underwater) estuvo sumergido durante tres minutos

    2) * (=under anaesthetic)
    3) (=less) menos

    children of 15 and under — niños mpl de 15 años y menores

    2. PREP
    1) (=beneath) debajo de

    what's under there? — ¿qué hay ahí debajo?

    2) (=less than) menos de

    it sells at under £20 — se vende a menos de 20 libras

    3) (=subject to) bajo

    under this government/the Romans — bajo este gobierno/los romanos

    under Ferdinand VII — bajo Fernando VII, durante el reinado de Fernando VII

    to study under sb — estudiar con algn, tener a algn por profesor

    • under the command of — bajo el mando de

    • under construction — bajo construcción, en obras

    • under lock and key — bajo llave

    • under oath — bajo juramento

    • under pain/the pretext of — so pena/pretexto de

    • under full sail — a todo trapo, a vela llena

    you'll find him under "plumbers" in the phone book — lo encontrarás en la sección de "fontaneros" en el listín

    5) (=according to, by) de acuerdo con, según
    6) (Agr)
    * * *

    I ['ʌndər, 'ʌndə(r)]
    1) ( beneath) debajo de, abajo de (AmL)
    2) ( less than) menos de
    3) \<\<name/heading\>\> bajo

    look under `textiles' — mira en or bajo `textiles'

    4)
    a) \<\<government/authority\>\> bajo

    to be under discussion — estarse* discutiendo

    he was under the impression that... — tenía la impresión de que...

    5) ( according to) según

    II
    1)

    she's still under — todavía está bajo los efectos de la anestesia; see also keep, knuckle, put under

    2) ( less) menos

    it will cost $10 or under — costará 10 dólares como mucho

    English-spanish dictionary > under

  • 4 إشراف

    إِشْراف \ direction: to control: He worked under my direction. supervision: supervising: The repair was done under my supervision.

    Arabic-English dictionary > إشراف

  • 5 supervision

    إِشْراف \ direction: to control: He worked under my direction. supervision: supervising: The repair was done under my supervision.

    Arabic-English glossary > supervision

  • 6 إدارة

    إِدَارَة \ administration: to control (of business, money, government activities, etc.): The administration of the law. department: a division of sth. (shops, business, government, school, etc.):. direction: to control: He worked under my direction. management: to control: The failure of the party was caused by bad management in the kitchen, (often with pl. verb) all those who control a business: a meeting between the management and the workers’ leaders. \ إِدَارَة \ housekeeping: the care of a house and its needs: He gives his wife half his pay, as housekeeping money (to buy food, etc.). \ See Also تدبير أمور المنزل

    Arabic-English dictionary > إدارة

  • 7 administration

    إِدَارَة \ administration: to control (of business, money, government activities, etc.): The administration of the law. department: a division of sth. (shops, business, government, school, etc.):. direction: to control: He worked under my direction. management: to control: The failure of the party was caused by bad management in the kitchen, (often with pl. verb) all those who control a business: a meeting between the management and the workers’ leaders.

    Arabic-English glossary > administration

  • 8 department

    إِدَارَة \ administration: to control (of business, money, government activities, etc.): The administration of the law. department: a division of sth. (shops, business, government, school, etc.):. direction: to control: He worked under my direction. management: to control: The failure of the party was caused by bad management in the kitchen, (often with pl. verb) all those who control a business: a meeting between the management and the workers’ leaders.

    Arabic-English glossary > department

  • 9 management

    إِدَارَة \ administration: to control (of business, money, government activities, etc.): The administration of the law. department: a division of sth. (shops, business, government, school, etc.):. direction: to control: He worked under my direction. management: to control: The failure of the party was caused by bad management in the kitchen, (often with pl. verb) all those who control a business: a meeting between the management and the workers’ leaders.

    Arabic-English glossary > management

  • 10 под руководством

    •

    Geiger worked under the direction (or supervision) of Lord Rutherford.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > под руководством

  • 11 под началом

    (кого, чьим, у кого)
    under smb.'s command, under smb.; in subordination to smb.; under the direction of smb.

    В своё время Ладошников (разумеется, под началом Николая Егоровича) спроектировал эти трубы, а затем, вооружённый инструментами слесаря и плотника, сам с двумя-тремя товарищами их соорудил. (А. Бек, Жизнь Бережкова) — Ladoshnikov had designed those tunnels (under the direction of Zhukovsky, of course), and then, armed with the tools of a fitter and a carpenter, had rigged them up with the aid of two or three comrades.

    [Платонов] до войны несколько лет проработал тут в больнице. Конечно, Федора знала и его, а как же! Вот и Светлана его знала, вместе воевали, под его началом была. Замечательный врач был! (М. Алигер, Соловьиная песня) — He'd worked in the local hospital for several years before the war... Why, for sure, of course Fedora knew him, too!.. Well, Svetlana knew him, they'd been at the front together, she'd worked under him. A splendid doctor.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под началом

  • 12 Н-40

    ПОД НАЧАЛОМ чьим, (у) кого бытье, работать, служить и т. п. ПОД НАЧАЛО чье, кого, (к) кому (ПОД НАЧАЛ чей, кого, (к) кому obs) попасть, поступить, отдать кого и т. п. PrepP these forms only subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv
    (to be, work, serve, fall, be put etc) under s.o. 's supervision
    under s.o. Ts authority (control, direction)
    (in limited contexts) (work (serve)) under s.o. (serve) under s.o. 's command (be) under s.o. 's orders.
    «Слышно, земский суд к нам едет отдать нас под начал Кирилу Петровичу Троекурову...» (Пушкин 1). "We hear that the district court is going to put us under the authority of Kirila Petrovich Troyekurov..." (1a).
    Он часто хвастал: «Вот я буду инспектором. Вы тут киснуть будете, а у меня под началом два уезда будут. А то и три. Oro-го!» (Сологуб 1). "Yes," he often boasted, "I shall be an inspector You'll be wasting away here, while I'll have two districts under my authority. And then perhaps three Ho, ho, hof" (1a).
    ...Я стал обидчивым, работая под твоим началом» (Семенов 1). Tve grown sensitive working under your direction" (1a).
    Неужто не слыхали? Шестопалов. Квартирные вопросы решает. Я под его началом тринадцать лет прослужил (Терц 5). Never heard of him?...Shestopalov. Fellow who arbitrates housing problems. I worked under him for thirteen years (5a).
    Коптелов шепнул Леве, что служил под началом Дмитрия Ивановича во время войны... (Битов 2). Koptelov whispered to Lyova that he had served under Dmitri Ivanovich's command during the war... (2a).
    (Дикой:) Что я, под началом, что ль, у кого? (Островский 6). (D.:) What, am I under somebody's orders, maybe? (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Н-40

  • 13 под начал

    • ПОД НАЧАЛОМ чьим, (у) кого быть, работать, служить и т. п.; ПОД НАЧАЛО чье, кого, (к) кому <ПОД НАЧАЛ чей, кого, (к) кому obs> попасть, поступить, отдать кого и т.п.
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv]
    =====
    ⇒ (to be, work, serve, fall, be put etc) under s.o.'s supervision:
    - under s.o.'s authority (control, direction);
    - [in limited contexts](work < serve>) under s.o.;
    - (serve) under s.o.'s command;
    - (be) under s.o.'s orders.
         ♦ "Слышно, земский суд к нам едет отдать нас под начал Кирилу Петровичу Троекурову..." (Пушкин 1). "We hear that the district court is going to put us under the authority of Kirila Petrovich Troyekurov..." (1a).
         ♦ Он часто хвастал: "Вот я буду инспектором. Вы тут киснуть будете, а у меня под началом два уезда будут. А то и три. Ого-го!" (Сологуб 1). "Yes," he often boasted, "I shall be an inspector You'll be wasting away here, while I'll have two districts under my authority. And then perhaps three Ho, ho, hof" (1a).
         ♦ "...Я стал обидчивым, работая под твоим началом" (Семенов 1). "I've grown sensitive working under your direction" (1a).
         ♦ Неужто не слыхали? Шестопалов. Квартирные вопросы решает. Я под его началом тринадцать лет прослужил (Терц 5). Never heard of him?...Shestopalov. Fellow who arbitrates housing problems. I worked under him for thirteen years (5a).
         ♦ Коптелов шепнул Леве, что служил под началом Дмитрия Ивановича во время войны... (Битов 2). Koptelov whispered to Lyova that he had served under Dmitri Ivanovich's command during the war... (2a).
         ♦ [Дикой:] Что я, под началом, что ль, у кого? (Островский 6). [D.:] What, am I under somebody's orders, maybe? (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под начал

  • 14 под начало

    • ПОД НАЧАЛОМ чьим, (у) кого быть, работать, служить и т. п.; ПОД НАЧАЛО чье, кого, (к) кому < ПОД НАЧАЛ чей, кого, (к) кому obs> попасть, поступить, отдать кого и т.п.
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv]
    =====
    ⇒ (to be, work, serve, fall, be put etc) under s.o.'s supervision:
    - under s.o.'s authority (control, direction);
    - [in limited contexts](work < serve>) under s.o.;
    - (serve) under s.o.'s command;
    - (be) under s.o.'s orders.
         ♦ "Слышно, земский суд к нам едет отдать нас под начал Кирилу Петровичу Троекурову..." (Пушкин 1). "We hear that the district court is going to put us under the authority of Kirila Petrovich Troyekurov..." (1a).
         ♦ Он часто хвастал: "Вот я буду инспектором. Вы тут киснуть будете, а у меня под началом два уезда будут. А то и три. Ого-го!" (Сологуб 1). "Yes," he often boasted, "I shall be an inspector You'll be wasting away here, while I'll have two districts under my authority. And then perhaps three Ho, ho, hof" (1a).
         ♦ "...Я стал обидчивым, работая под твоим началом" (Семенов 1). "I've grown sensitive working under your direction" (1a).
         ♦ Неужто не слыхали? Шестопалов. Квартирные вопросы решает. Я под его началом тринадцать лет прослужил (Терц 5). Never heard of him?...Shestopalov. Fellow who arbitrates housing problems. I worked under him for thirteen years (5a).
         ♦ Коптелов шепнул Леве, что служил под началом Дмитрия Ивановича во время войны... (Битов 2). Koptelov whispered to Lyova that he had served under Dmitri Ivanovich's command during the war... (2a).
         ♦ [Дикой:] Что я, под началом, что ль, у кого? (Островский 6). [D.:] What, am I under somebody's orders, maybe? (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под начало

  • 15 под началом

    • ПОД НАЧАЛОМ чьим, (у) кого быть, работать, служить и т. п.; ПОД НАЧАЛО чье, кого, (к) кому < ПОД НАЧАЛ чей, кого, (к) кому obs> попасть, поступить, отдать кого и т.п.
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv]
    =====
    ⇒ (to be, work, serve, fall, be put etc) under s.o.'s supervision:
    - under s.o.'s authority (control, direction);
    - [in limited contexts](work < serve>) under s.o.;
    - (serve) under s.o.'s command;
    - (be) under s.o.'s orders.
         ♦ "Слышно, земский суд к нам едет отдать нас под начал Кирилу Петровичу Троекурову..." (Пушкин 1). "We hear that the district court is going to put us under the authority of Kirila Petrovich Troyekurov..." (1a).
         ♦ Он часто хвастал: "Вот я буду инспектором. Вы тут киснуть будете, а у меня под началом два уезда будут. А то и три. Ого-го!" (Сологуб 1). "Yes," he often boasted, "I shall be an inspector You'll be wasting away here, while I'll have two districts under my authority. And then perhaps three Ho, ho, hof" (1a).
         ♦ "...Я стал обидчивым, работая под твоим началом" (Семенов 1). "I've grown sensitive working under your direction" (1a).
         ♦ Неужто не слыхали? Шестопалов. Квартирные вопросы решает. Я под его началом тринадцать лет прослужил (Терц 5). Never heard of him?...Shestopalov. Fellow who arbitrates housing problems. I worked under him for thirteen years (5a).
         ♦ Коптелов шепнул Леве, что служил под началом Дмитрия Ивановича во время войны... (Битов 2). Koptelov whispered to Lyova that he had served under Dmitri Ivanovich's command during the war... (2a).
         ♦ [Дикой:] Что я, под началом, что ль, у кого? (Островский 6). [D.:] What, am I under somebody's orders, maybe? (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под началом

  • 16 Telford, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    d. 2 September 1834 London, England.
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer.
    [br]
    Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.
    In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.
    In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.
    In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.
    In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.
    In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.
    Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.
    C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Telford, Thomas

  • 17 Pihl, Carl Abraham

    [br]
    b. 16 January 1825 Stavanger, Norway
    d. 14 September 1897 Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway
    [br]
    Norwegian railway engineer, protagonist of narrow-gauge railways.
    [br]
    Pihl trained as an engineer at Göteborg, Sweden, and then moved to London, where he worked under Robert Stephenson during 1845 and 1846. In 1850 he returned to Norway and worked with the English contractors building the first railway in Norway, the Norwegian Trunk Railway from Kristiania to Eidsvold, for which the English standard gauge was used. Subsequently he worked in England for a year, but in 1856 joined the Norwegian government's Road Department, which was to have responsibility for railways. In 1865 a distinct Railway Department was set up, and Pihl became Director for State Railway Construction. Because of the difficulties of the terrain and limited traffic, Pihl recommended that in the case of two isolated lines to be built the outlay involved in ordinary railways would not be justified, and that they should be built to the narrow gauge of 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m). His recommendation was accepted by the Government in 1857 and the two lines were built to this gauge and opened during 1861–4. Six of their seven locomotives, and all their rolling stock, were imported from Britain. The lines cost £3,000 and £5,000 per mile, respectively; a standard-gauge line built in the same period cost £6,400 per mile.
    Subsequently, many hundreds of miles of Norwegian railways were built to 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) gauge under Pihl's direction. They influenced construction of railways to this gauge in Australia, Southern Africa, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere. However, in the late 1870s controversy arose in Norway over the economies that could in fact be gained from the 3 ft 6 in. (1,07 m) gauge. This controversy in the press, in discussion and in the Norwegian parliament became increasingly acrimonious during the next two decades; the standard-gauge party may be said to have won with the decision in 1898, the year after Pihl's death, to build the Bergen-Oslo line to standard gauge.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight of the Order of St Olaf 1862; Commander of the Order of St Olaf 1877. Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa 1867. Royal Order of the Northern Star 1882.
    Further Reading
    P.Allen and P.B.Whitehouse, 1959, Narrow Gauge Railways of Europe, Ian Allan (describes the Norwegian Battle of the Gauges).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Pihl, Carl Abraham

  • 18 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russia
    d. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.
    [br]
    Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.
    In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.
    After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Zworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.
    Bibliography
    29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).
    13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).
    1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of the
    Institute of Radio Engineers 22:16.
    1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.
    1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.
    Further Reading
    J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

  • 19 Babbage, Charles

    [br]
    b. 26 December 1791 Walworth, Surrey, England
    d. 18 October 1871 London, England
    [br]
    English mathematician who invented the forerunner of the modern computer.
    [br]
    Charles Babbage was the son of a banker, Benjamin Babbage, and was a sickly child who had a rather haphazard education at private schools near Exeter and later at Enfield. Even as a child, he was inordinately fond of algebra, which he taught himself. He was conversant with several advanced mathematical texts, so by the time he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he was ahead of his tutors. In his third year he moved to Peterhouse, whence he graduated in 1814, taking his MA in 1817. He first contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1815, and was elected a fellow of that body in 1816. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820 and served in high office in it.
    While he was still at Cambridge, in 1812, he had the first idea of calculating numerical tables by machinery. This was his first difference engine, which worked on the principle of repeatedly adding a common difference. He built a small model of an engine working on this principle between 1820 and 1822, and in July of the latter year he read an enthusiastically received note about it to the Astronomical Society. The following year he was awarded the Society's first gold medal. He submitted details of his invention to Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society; the Society reported favourably and the Government became interested, and following a meeting with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Babbage was awarded a grant of £1,500. Work proceeded and was carried on for four years under the direction of Joseph Clement.
    In 1827 Babbage went abroad for a year on medical advice. There he studied foreign workshops and factories, and in 1832 he published his observations in On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. While abroad, he received the news that he had been appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. He held the Chair until 1839, although he neither resided in College nor gave any lectures. For this he was paid between £80 and £90 a year! Differences arose between Babbage and Clement. Manufacture was moved from Clement's works in Lambeth, London, to new, fireproof buildings specially erected by the Government near Babbage's house in Dorset Square, London. Clement made a large claim for compensation and, when it was refused, withdrew his workers as well as all the special tools he had made up for the job. No work was possible for the next fifteen months, during which Babbage conceived the idea of his "analytical engine". He approached the Government with this, but it was not until eight years later, in 1842, that he received the reply that the expense was considered too great for further backing and that the Government was abandoning the project. This was in spite of the demonstration and perfectly satisfactory operation of a small section of the analytical engine at the International Exhibition of 1862. It is said that the demands made on manufacture in the production of his engines had an appreciable influence in improving the standard of machine tools, whilst similar benefits accrued from his development of a system of notation for the movements of machine elements. His opposition to street organ-grinders was a notable eccentricity; he estimated that a quarter of his mental effort was wasted by the effect of noise on his concentration.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1816. Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1823.
    Bibliography
    Babbage wrote eighty works, including: 1864, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.
    July 1822, Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, PRS, on the Application of Machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing Mathematical Tables.
    Further Reading
    1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines: Selected Writings by Charles Babbage and Others, eds Philip and Emily Morrison, New York: Dover Publications.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Babbage, Charles

  • 20 By, Lieutenant-Colonel John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 7 (?) August 1779 Lambeth, London, England
    d. 1 February 1836 Frant, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English Engineer-in-Charge of the construction of the Rideau Canal, linking the St Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers in Canada.
    [br]
    Admitted in 1797 as a Gentleman Cadet in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, By was commissioned on 1 August 1799 as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, but was soon transferred to the Royal Engineers. Posted to Plymouth upon the development of the fortifications, he was further posted to Canada, arriving there in August 1802.
    In 1803 By was engaged in canal work, assisting Captain Bruyères in the construction of a short canal (1,500 ft (460 m) long) at the Cascades on the Grand, now the Ottawa, River. In 1805 he was back at the Cascades repairing ice damage caused during the previous winter. He was promoted Captain in 1809. Meanwhile he worked on the fortifications of Quebec and in 1806–7 he built a scale model of the Citadel, which is now in the National War Museum of Canada. He returned to England in 1810 and served in Portugal in 1811. Back in England at the end of the year, he was appointed Royal Engineer Officer in charge at the Waltham Abbey Gunpowder Works on 1 January 1812 and later planned the new Small Arms Factory at Enfield; both works were on the navigable River Lee.
    In the post-Napoleonic period Major By, as he then was, retired on half-pay but was promoted to Lieu tenant-Colonel on 2 December 1824. Eighteen months later, in March 1826, he returned to Canada on active duty to build the Rideau Canal. This was John By's greatest work. It was conceived after the American war of 1812–14 as a connection for vessels to reach Kingston and the Great Lakes from Montreal while avoiding possible attack from the United States forces. Ships would pass up the Ottawa River using the already-constructed locks and bypass channels and then travel via a new canal cut through virgin forest southwards to the St Lawrence at Kingston. By based his operational headquarters at the Ottawa River end of the new works and in a forest clearing he established a small settlement. Because of the regard in which By was held, this settlement became known as By town. In 1855, long after By's death, the settlement was designated by Queen Victoria as capital of United Canada (which was to become a self-governing Dominion in 1867) and renamed Ottawa; as a result of the presence of the national government, the growth of the town accelerated greatly.
    Between 1826–7 and 1832 the Rideau Canal was constructed. It included the massive engineering works of Jones Falls Dam (62 ft 6 in. (19 m) high) and 47 locks. By exercised an almost paternal care over those employed under his direction. The canal was completed in June 1832 at a cost of £800,000. By was summoned back to London to face virulent and unjust criticism from the Treasury. He was honoured in Canada but vilified by the British Government.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.F.Leggett, 1982, John By, Historical Society of Canada.
    —1976, Canals of Canada, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    —1972, Rideau Waterway, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    Bernard Pothier, 1978, "The Quebec Model", Canadian War Museum Paper 9, Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > By, Lieutenant-Colonel John

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